Generically, a map consists of a number of "cartographic elements" that you should know the names of.1
"Neatline - Is the visual frame for the map. It is a border around the entire page. It usually provides the basis for a the page. (Clarke, 2001)"
"Scale - The distance ratio measured on a map to that distance measured on the ground between the same two points. For example if one cm on a map equals 1,000,000 cm in the real world the map scale would be 1:1,000,000. This scale of 1:1,000,000 on the map would be considered small scale compared to a map with a scale of 1:1,000"
"Scale Bar - Is a visual expression of the relationship between ground coordinate space and that if the map page space. (Clarke, 2001)"
"Legend - Translates the symbols on the map into words by locating text and the symbols close to each other in the page coordinate space. (Clarke, 2001)"
Locator Map - Also known as an inset map, is an enlarged or reduced map designed to put the main map into geographic context, or to enlarge the area of interest whose level of detail is to specific for the main map scale. The locator map should have all the cartographic elements but at a highly simplified format. (Clarke, 2001)